Fuzzy Systems Essay - 2607 Words

Preface This article is written for an intended audience of undergraduate or graduate students, this article provides an introduction to, and an overview of what fuzzy systems are. Presented in this article is an acknowledgment of the contributions that fuzzy systems are making to the Artificial Intelligence discipline, as well as examples of fuzzy systems which are in use today. Abstract The concept and implementation of fuzzy systems is part of the natural course of evolution for humans who are a part of a society where access to information is plentiful but efficient utilization of massive amounts of information is power. To get at the information, we need systems which can understand what we need, rather than for us to understand†¦show more content†¦The origin of fuzzy systems can be traced to the first introduction of formal logic by Aristotle. Logic introduced by Aristotle was considered to be bilevel logic of either true or false, and is acknowledged to be the foundation of most of the growth of the sciences which are known today.[1] However, it was Plato who is accredited with laying the actual foundations for fuzzy logic when he proposed that there exists a third area beyond true and false where things were not always true or always false.[3] Digital computers in use today are based upon the ideas of Aristotle, where a single bit of information found in a computer is considered either true or false, that the transistor gate is either turned on or off. Many fundamental aspects of society today are based upon concepts of right or wrong, innocent or guilty, a member of a group or not a member of some group. The human race has toyed with and enjoyed the concept of a perfect society, where everything was easily classified into good or bad, right or wrong, true or false and has created computers to respond to that type of idealistic and simplistic world. This philosophy has served the human race well as computers were created to operate in very predictable ways that wereShow MoreRelatedFuzzy Vs. Fuzzy Inference System1305 Words   |  6 PagesFuzzy Inference System Approach to Restoration Path Optimization in Power Transmission Lines Ye Htut Khaing#1, Okkar Soe*2 # Electrical Power Engineering Department, Yangon Technological University, East Gyogone, Insein Township,Yangon, Myanmar Tel;95-1-966 3249 Fax;95-1-966 3291 1uyehtutkhaing.moep.phd@gmail.com 2okkarsoe07@gmail.com Abstract -Power systems have increased in size and complexity and national society depends heavily upon a high level of power system reliability. When the bulk transmissionRead MoreFuzzy Based Automated System For Predicting Viral Infections1505 Words   |  7 PagesFuzzy based Automated System for Predicting Viral Infections(Chicken Pox, Swine Flu and Dengue) Ravinkal Kaur Dept. of computer science and engineering CTITR Jalandhar, India ravinkal93@gmail.com Sarabjit Kaur Assistant Professor Dept. of computer science and engineering CTITR Jalandhar, India er_sarabjitkaur35@rediffmail.com Virat Rehani Assistant Professor Dept. of computer applications CTIMIT Jalandhar, India vrehani@yahoo.com Abstract— Health protection is the improvement of healthRead MoreApplication Of Fuzzy Rule Based System4082 Words   |  17 PagesAPPLICATION OF FUZZY RULE BASED SYSTEM IN LEAN CONSTRUCTION IN HIGHWAY PROJECTS: A CASE STUDY IN INDIA DIVYARAJ. B. JADEJA1, ASHU S. KEDIA2, NAIMISH BHATT3, DEBASIS SARKAR4 1P.G. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Raisan, Gandhinagar, 382001- India 2,3Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Raisan, Gandhinagar, 382001- India 4Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum UniversityRead MoreFuzzy Logic Essay1475 Words   |  6 PagesFuzzy Logic Fuzzy Logic is a term used to identify a new trend of quantifying partial truths. One disadvantage of most rule sets that they cannot process inconsistent data. Fuzzy logic is a superset of conventional logic that has been extended to handle the concept of partial truth, being values that lie between completely true and completely untrue. Dr. Lotfi Zadeth of UC/Berkley first introduced it in the 1960s as a means of modeling the uncertainty of natural language. All thisRead MoreThe Fuzzy Inference Rules ( Rule Block )1220 Words   |  5 PagesNow we define the fuzzy inference rules (Rule Block -1 –RB1) to the first four parameters mentioned in the table no -1 as inputs with the physical quality of the water as output in the following way using Mamdani method Table -2 Output result from the application of IF –THEN rules,with membership function. Now we define the fuzzy inference rules (Rule Block -2 –RB2) to the next five parameters mentioned in the table no -1 as inputs with the chemical quality of the water as output in the followingRead MoreHow The Quality Of Water Affected By The Parameter807 Words   |  4 Pagesnecessary to compact decay scale formation, and fouling of heat transfer surfaces throughout the reactor facility and support system [3]. The most common step in water treatment process includes; ïÆ'Ëœ COAGULATION/FLOCCULATION ïÆ'Ëœ SEDIMENTATION ïÆ'Ëœ FILTRATION ïÆ'Ëœ DISINFECTION ïÆ'Ëœ SLUDGE DRYING ïÆ'Ëœ FLUORIDATION ïÆ'Ëœ PH CORRECTION 5.0 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS In this paper we are going to analyze the quality of water affected by the parameter. The quality of water is not equal and constant. Water quality is affectedRead MoreImage Fusion Technique Based on PCA and Fuzzy Logic Part 2 Essay653 Words   |  3 Pagesbased on fuzzy sets The fuzzy logic approach is widely used in image process-ing. The fuzzy logic gives decision rules and fusion motivation for image fusion [17]. the two inputs images are converted into membership values based on a set of predefined MFs, where the degree of membership of each input pixel to a fuzzy set is determined. Then, the fusion operators are applied to the fuzzified images. The fusion results are then converted back into pixel values using defuzzification. 1) Fuzzy sets: TheRead MoreFuzzy Logic Is a Way to Deal with Imprecise Concepts Essay1147 Words   |  5 Pages1959, and it was here that he started his work on â€Å"Fuzzy Logic,† a theory that would eventually be applied towards many things in the form of soft computing (Blair). Fuzzy Logic, defined as â€Å"multivalued (as opposed to binary) logic developed to deal with imprecise or vague data† (â€Å"Fuzzy logic†), was developed by Zadeh in 1965, during his time at Berkeley. Already recognized internationally for his work with mathematical systems, Zadeh’s paper on fuzzy logic started a new phase in his career, and sinceRead MoreAn Modern Methodology For Water Treatment Plant Affecting Factors881 Words   |  4 Pagesdescribed by a collection of fuzzy control rules ( IF -THEN RULES) involving linguistic variable [13]. 6.1 METHODOLOGY In this paper we introduce an modern methodology for water treatment plant affecting factors analysis. The proposed expert system manages and explores the knowledge in this specific application by reasoning on a database of facts by means of suitable inference rules. The proposed comprehensive, homogenous framework uses a set of Fuzzy Inference Systems to interpret, standardize andRead MoreClassification Between The Objects Is Easy Task For Humans1101 Words   |  5 Pagesautomatic video analysis has generated an interest in object classification algorithms. A simple classification system consists of a camera fixed high above the interested zone, where images are captured and consequently processed. Classification includes image sensors, image preprocessing, object detection, object segmentation, feature extraction and object classification. Classification system consists of database that contains predefined patterns that compares with detected object to classify in to

Arab Israeli Conflict - 883 Words

1.1 WHAT IS THE ARAB ISRAELI CONFLICT? The Arab-Israeli conflict is a hotly contested issue both in the Middle East and the broader global community.1 The modern conflict is essentially a dispute over the area known up until 1948 as Palestine, which is considered holy to all three major monotheistic religions.2 The primary parties in the conflict are Israeli (formerly Zionist) Jews and Palestinian Arabs (who are predominately Muslim).3 It is one of the unresolved problems bequeathed to the region by the British and French imperialist powers following the division of the Ottoman Empire between them at the end of World War 1.4 There are many features of the Middle East, specifically Palestine, that account for the interest and rivalry it†¦show more content†¦The agreement carved up the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire and divided control of the region between the two superpowers. Britain’s three agreements were incompatible, and laid the foundations for future frustration and conflict.3 2.2 THE MANDATE PERIOD Following triumph in World War 1, Britain was given a mandate to govern the Holy Land from the League of Nations, from 29 September 1923.13 In August 1929 violence erupted in Palestine between Muslims and Jews over access to the Western Wall in Jerusalem. Between 23 and 29 August, 133 Jews were killed and 339 others were injured by Arabs. 110 Arabs were killed and 232 were also injured, many by British police trying to quash the riots.11 In May 1936, the Arab community revolted again against British rule, demanding independence and opposing increasing Jewish immigration.8 During the British mandate, the political landscape of Palestine was completely transformed.1 3.1 World War II Britain’s policies changed drastically throughout the early stages of the Arab Israeli conflict. Britain began to reconsidered herShow MoreRelatedThe Arab-Israeli Conflict1427 Words   |  6 PagesThe Arab-Israeli dispute is among the centermost issues facing the Middle East today. The conflict itself has spawned a number of wars, myriad militant skirmishes, and several embargos, as well as a lasting peace between Israel and a number of its former opponents. The conflict today is waged primarily between Israelis and the Arab Palestinians that inhabit Israeli territory. The Arab-Israeli dispute is rooted in the separate movements of Zionism and Arab-nationalism. Zionism is an historical movementRead MoreThe Arab Israeli Conflict Essay1263 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to an apocryphal story, Pope John Paul once said that he believes there are two possible solutions to the Arab-Israeli conflict, the realistic and the miraculous. The realistic being divine intervention, and the miraculous being a voluntary agreement by both parties. On September 13th, 1993, it looked like the miraculous had happened when the Oslo Accords were signed by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Chairman Yasser Arafat on the White HouseRead MoreThe Arab Israeli Conflict883 Words   |  4 PagesMy chosen subteam for this negotiation is based on a Fundamentalist Christians opinion. As I had the chance to learn previously, Christians fully support the relocation of Jews in this conflict. This is because one of the main roots of the Arab-Israeli Conflict starts by  the Movement of Zionism. The Bible is interpreted by man y religions in many different ways, however the Christian Zionists belief in a series of Biblical Philosophies and Prophecies. Some of this prophecies are events that have alreadyRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Arab Israeli Conflict1420 Words   |  6 Pageswords have been devoted to the topic of Israel and the underlying causes of the Arab-Israeli conflict; all of which seek to discern the culprit and contrive a remedy. The story behind this age old conflict is, as quoted by Israeli historian Illan Pappe, â€Å"the simple but horrific story of the ethnic cleansing of Palestine† (qtd. In â€Å"The Catastrophe†). As such, thorough review of the causes behind this ethnocentric conflict is vital in understanding the tumultuous power struggle in Israel and the violentRead MoreThe Arab Israeli Conflict And Arab Palestinian Conflict3221 Words   |  13 PagesThe  Arab–Israeli conflict  is the political and military conflict between the nation of Israel and specific Arab countries. The Arab–Israeli conflict began in the late 19th century as a result of the rise of Zionism and Arab nationalism. The two sides have fought over land that both parties regard as their holy land. The Jews looked to reclaim the land promised to them by God after their escape from slavery in Egypt. The Arabs, who already resided on and owned the land, looked to maintain their ownershipRead MoreThe Arab Israeli Conflict Of Palestine Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe Arab-Israeli conflict began in 1948, when the British Mandate over Palestine ended. Resulting in the proclamation that established the Jewish state in Eretz Israel. The conflict was a struggle between the Jewish state or Israel and the Arabs of the Middle East concerning the territory and control over Palestine. The geographical area and political status of Palestine has changed dramatically over the years, but the region as always been considered Holy Land. This Holy Land is sacred among theRead Mo reThe Arab-Israeli Conflict Essays649 Words   |  3 Pages The current conflict in the Middle East between the Israeli Jews and the Palestinian Arabs has many historical roots. Several events in the history of this conflict have been very important and also have a strong connection with the current situation between the two sides. One of these important events was the Nazi Holocaust. During the Second World War the Jews were persecuted by the Nazis and sent to concentration camps. By the end of the war in 1945 6 million JewsRead MoreThe Arab-Israeli Conflict Essay1856 Words   |  8 Pages Your Name Pol 340-01 March 20, 2008 Term Paper The Arab- Israeli Conflict The Arab- Israeli Conflict is a conflict between the Arab and Jewish people in the Middle East over Israel and Palestine. This conflict has led to wars and millions of displaced people. This particular conflict has historical origins in the lives of the Arab and Jewish people. â€Å"The beginning of Zionism and the Arab-Israeli Conflict explain the basic principles of this complicated dispute†(Frankel 17)Read MoreArab-Israeli Conflict Essay1762 Words   |  8 Pages Arab-Israeli Conflict During the First World War (1914-1918), Britain met with problems concerning promises made, yet not being kept. Britain, knowing that it needed all the help it could get against the German allies, promised land to people who desperately wanted it. However, as it was revealed Britain had no intention of honouring their word. The first promise to be made was to the Arabs, in a desperate attempt to overpower one of the countries the British wereRead MoreThe Arab Israeli Palestinian Conflict2122 Words   |  9 PagesThe Middle East has long been home to very deep-rooted conflict. For too long, the citizens of the Middle East have lived in the central of death and fear. The animosity between few, takes the hope of hundreds. The Arab-Israeli-Palestinian conflict is most notably the largest issue preventing peace in the Middle East, but it is by no means the only issue. The issue of bankrolling and foreign aid are also issues preventing peace; because the U.S provides so much funding and foreign aid to certain

The Future of Academic Honesty - Paper free essay sample

The paper examines academic dishonesty among college students training to be teachers. The study uncovers through actor analysis four salient dimensions of cheating namely Flagrant Cheating, Insidious Cheating, Collusion and Illicit Collaboration. It also uncovers the key motivators of cheating, identifies relevant individual characteristics and demonstrates their relation to the salient dimensions of cheating Policy implications are also discussed to improve ethics education. INTRODUCTION Cheating in America used to be an aberration.Today, however, the culture of cheating in America has permeated many facets of our lives, from businesses engaging in dishonest practices to Coos and politicians cheating and news porters fabricating quotes and reporting fiction as fact. Schools have not been exempt from these kinds of behavior. High school and grade school students have been found to engage in dishonest behaviors (Green Saxes, 1992; Made, 1992; Sims, 1993; Brown Abramson, 1999; coverall Henning, 2000; Brown McClellan, 2001) and there are studies which report increases over the years (McCabe Terrine, 1993; Callahan, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on The Future of Academic Honesty Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, it is perhaps the reporting of cheating among school administrators and teachers of our young children that have brought home just how pervasive and serious this epidemic really is. School administrators and teachers have been caught cheating on standardized tests, in reporting inflated gains in student test scores and learning and in manipulating statistical information (Jacob Levity, 2003; Starters, 2005). Schools have always played a crucial role in preparing our youth to be responsible world citizens.While many will agree that guidance counselors and parents are the key players in providing a childs moral compass, the opportunity of the classroom teacher in his or her daily interaction with the student to provide positive influence should not be overlooked (Chalice, 2004; Halverson, 2004). As such, the conduct of students training to be teachers becomes relevant for scrutiny. More specifically, an investigation of the cheating behavior of education students as well as their motivation for engaging in these behaviors becomes pertinent.Academy Of Educational Ultrasonically, Volume 11, Number 2, 2007 92 While the literature offers good insights into the relationship between various specific acts of cheating and individual characteristics as well as into specific reasons for engaging in these deviant behaviors, it has generally omitted to uncover the underlying salient dimensions or com monalities mongo these behaviors and motivations that will help us understand more fully the practice and motivation of these behaviors.The purpose of this paper is to investigate cheating among college students preparing to be teachers by uncovering the salient dimensions of cheating and the key determinants of these dimensions. The paper will also identify the key motivators for cheating and demonstrate their relationship to participating in the various dimensions of cheating. METHODOLOGY A questionnaire was constructed incorporating sixteen unethical academic practices which were selected based on a review of current literature.Respondents were asked to indicate their participation in each of these practices on a six-point Liker scale. The questionnaire also included twelve reasons students might engage in unethical academic practices. These were also taken from current literature. Respondents were asked to rate On a five-point scale the likelihood that each of these reasons was the impetus for a students unethical behavior. The sample consisted of 198 students in teacher education classes at a private university in the northeast.Each questionnaire was placed in an unmarked envelope. Completed questionnaires were replaced in these envelopes and sealed by the student. The questionnaires were voluntarily completed during class time. Students who declined to participate were encouraged to engage in other reading or writing activities. Respondents were assured that their responses were confidential and anonymous. The average age of the respondents was 28 years.About 80% of the respondents were females and more than 80% were registered for more than twelve credits. The mean and the mode of salary expectations were between $30,001 and $35,000 with more than a quarter of the respondents (28%) expecting salaries between $35,001 to 540,000. RESULTS Uncovering the salient dimensions of academic dishonesty In order to uncover the salient dimensions of academic dishonesty, the sixteen dishonest practices were submitted to factor analysis.Factor analysis is a procedure for summarizing the information ratings on the sixteen practices into a smaller number of salient dimensions which can then be identified as the dimension underlying the respondents ratings. It is in this way that the commonalities in responses are effectively discerned. Four factors were extracted which had an Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, Volume 1 1, Number 2, 2007 3 generally more than one. The results of the factor analysis, after applying the Bavaria rotation, are summarized in Table 1 .

The Great Gatsby Appearance Vs Reality Essay Example

The Great Gatsby: Appearance Vs Reality Paper Appearance VS Reality in The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald presents multiple themes and characters that have an overlaying fapde that they portray throughout the novel. Fitzgeralds main representation of illusion is with James Gatz or Jay Gatsby as he is known in the time covered in the novel. Gatsby can also be considered to be the embodiment of illusion within the novel. It is revealed that James Gatz created the persona of Jay Gatsby. As the novel continues it becomes apparent that James Gatz no longer exists and that Gatz has completely internalised Jay Gatsby making it his true identity. This appears to have damaging effects on Gatsby that we find out throughout the novel, however Gatsby appears to be in denial about these effects Cant repeat the past? Why of course you can! In order for Gatsby to preserve his identity he has to keep up the fapde of having a wealthy upbringing and that he attended Oxford. The reason as to why he invents this persona is evident from the beginning of being introduced to his character. Gatsby uses his phony identity to achieve a higher social status using his frivolous parties to prove his wealth In his blue gardens men and girls came and ent like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars. However it is implied that he actually got his money from illegal trading. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Gatsby: Appearance Vs Reality specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Gatsby: Appearance Vs Reality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Gatsby: Appearance Vs Reality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The novel is set during prohibition and it is implied that Gatsby gained his money as a bootlegger and used drugstores as a front for his bootlegging. To illuminate how Gatsby created his new identity, Nick Carraway compares him to Jesus Christ, therefore a comparison can be made that Gatsby transformed himself into the ideal man that he envisioned, a Platonic conception of himself. Gatsby influences other characters with his llusions of grandeur of the American Dream, to the extent that they become corrupted by wealth. Gatsby corrupts Daisy with the wealth he provides her and is ignorant to how he is influencing her It makes me sad because IVe never seen such †such beautiful shirts before. The only way he believes he can have Daisy is by buying her affections and as he only focuses on chasing the American Dream he is oblivious to the fact that he is unworthy of this dream and therefore unworthy of her. However, a part of Gatsby is aware of this and the reason he creates his fictitious family is to impress her. In the defence of Gatsby, Daisy lives in her own world of illusions, its apparent that she only marries Tom for his money and what his money grants her, which in this case is whatever she desires of love, of money, of unquestionable practicality, this quote states that she loves him but the other two reasons act as a counterargument for her love for Tom. Daisy also appears to be in denial about the affair she is having but is exhibiting signs of guilt, for example when Pammy says Wheres Daddy Daisy replies She doesnt look like her father, explained Daisy. She looks like me. Shes got my hair and shape of face. In a description of Sylvia Plaths copy of Great Gatsby, Plath underlines She looks like me and writes no real relation to the child this could be in relation to Plaths famous poem Daddy in which she examines a parents objectification of a child in a negative light. Daisys participation in her marriage appears to be dependent on her love for fact to gain her affections. Daisy likes to live in a world of illusions as it allows her to be ignorant to her husbands infidelity with Myrtle Wilson and gives her Justification to be with Gatsby. Daisy also appears to be proud of this way of life and has aspirations for Pammy, her daughter to be the same And I hope shell be a fool. Thats the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool. Daisy also embodies illusion on a symbolic level, she is often in white which symbolises purity which on the outside is her fapde, that she is pure and without ill will, but she is actually corrupted by money which is often symbolised through gold or green, these colours represent the flower she is named after Daisy. Nick Carraway is one of the novels characters that lives in reality Theyre a rotten crowd. Youre worth the whole damn bunch put together, this occurs when Nick realises to what extent money corrupts people. Even though Nick sees reality he still allows money to somewhat possess him at the will of Gatsby who is aware of this. Nick is not as corrupted as the other characters and its portrayed through his modest house and the fact that he doesnt lie or cheat. Its discovered that Tom is having an affair with Myrtle and she is then killed by Daisy, we see George Wilson fashion one of the most prominent illusions in the novel in which he turns the illusion of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg into an actuality. George and Myrtle Wilson live in the valley of ash. George finds an old billboard that advertises the previously mentioned optometrist. The billboard has gargantuan eyes that are used to represent an omnipotent being, in making this observation; we can see that George is personifying the billboard. After George discovers of Myrtles death he seeks guidance from the God like illusion of Eckleburg God knows what youVe been doing, everything youVe been doing, George believes that Gatsby has been having an affair with Myrtle and also that Gatsby was the one hat killed her with his yellow car. George then responds religiously and asks the God like Eckleburg to enact revenge on Gatsby which results in Gatsbys death and Georges suicide, thus making Georges illusion of Eckleburg as God, a reality. Through the events seen as illusions, such as Doctor T. J. Eckleburg, Daisys love for Gatsby and Gatsby destroying his empire for her, Fitzgerald uses these illusions to demonstrate that humans turn to illusions and to things that they know are untrue to create, what can be described as unrealistic and often excessive, impossible realities hat we dream of and what most of the characters in the novel seek and is labelled as the American Dream Martin Amis conveys characters that partially contrast to F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, as Amis portrays John Self as completely ignorant to the reality that he is living, this is unlike Fitzgeralds character Gatsby, who is very much aware of the illusion that he has fabricated. However the two characters do share the same corrupt persona that impacts their relationships with other characters, Self sees corruption as an attractive attribute especially with Selina l love her corruption. Selfs discovery that Barry is not his father could be Amiss attempt at symbolising the loss of the self and finally seeing passed the illusion at reality Dont you know anything, you bitchs bastard. This is similar to Gatsbys revelation that Daisy will never leave Tom. Both events signify the admission of reality and that the characters have failed to reach their goal, Gatsby has failed to achieve the American Dream and Self has failed to gain the social status that he desires. stately calm Amiss use of the phrase stately calm portrays Self in a dignified anner which contrasts to John Self previously in the novel, this suggests that the discovery that Barry isnt his father allows him to become a different person Fat John, the loss of Self gives John the opportunity to become a better person. However Self is lazy and neglects this opportunity and decides that suicide is the best solution to his problem life and even blames life for this realisation Deciding is the hard part, and life has decided for me This is not a solution, its voluntary ignorance, which is a major theme throughout the novel and is even given its own character Frank the Phone. Frank acts as an indirect confessional for Self and allows him to confront his indiscretions mfou Just take women and use them. Then you toss them aside like a salad Unfortunately, for the most part Self is arrogant and refuses to even acknowledge his indiscretions Lots of rich pretty people are expecting me downtown. Frank states that Women, for you, are Just pornography, contextually, during the 1980s pornography was very cheap due to the invention of the home video, Amiss use of this knowledge allows us to reinforce the idea that Selfs idea of women is that they are easy and to be used to pass the time. This kind f misogyny is similar to The Great Gatsby and Fitzgerald is often criticised for being a misogynist. Selfs misogyny is similar to Tom Buchanan who, when finding out of his wifes infidelity, was less disturbed about the affair, than the fact she was involved with a man of inferior social class l suppose the latest thing is to sit back and let Mr. Nobody from Nowhere make love to your wife. Both Tom and Johns misogyny and hypocrisy both assert themselves with a vengeance. There must have been moments even that afternoon when Daisy tumbled short of his dreams not through her own fault but because of the colossal vitality of his illusion

Unreasonable Searches and Seizures

Unreasonable Searches and Seizures Free Online Research Papers The Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution provides that persons are free in their persons from unreasonable searches and seizures. A search is defined as a governmental intrusion into an area where a person has a reasonable and justifiable expectation of privacy. A seizure is defined as the exercise of governmental control over a person or thing. What is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment depends on the circumstances. For example, certain searches and seizures are considered reasonable only if the government first obtained a warrant authorizing the action, while other searches and seizures are reasonable without a warrant. There are at least six exceptions to the warrant requirement, i.e. where a warrantless search is reasonable and therefore valid under the Fourth Amendment. One of those is the plain view doctrine. Under the plain view doctrine, the police may make a warrantless seizure when they are (1) legitimately on the premises where they did the viewing; (2) discover evidence, fruits, or instrumentalities of crime, or contraband; (3) see such evidence in plain view; and (4) have probable cause to believe that the item is evidence, contraband, or an instrumentality of a crime. These requirements are set out in Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321 (1987). As applied to this scenario, the state will be able to successfully argue that the plain view doctrine applies to the backyard drug operation. Officer Nelson responded to screaming and was able to easily see into the backyard. The boys were engaging in assaultive behavior and were injuring each other. The fence gate was unlocked, and Officer Nelson was legitimately on the premises to respond to the fight. Immediately after Officer Nelson broke up the fight and as he was turning the boys over to adults, Officer Nelson noticed baggies containing a white, powdery substance in the backyard outside the house. Officer Nelson will state that his training and experience told him that he had probable cause to believe that the baggies contained contraband because of the nature of the substance and how it was packaged. The evidence was in plain view resting on a table outside the house as he was turning the boys over to their parents. The judge will likely find that Officer Nelson was legitimately in the backyard, that the baggies did indeed contain contraband, that the baggies were in plain view, and that Officer Nelson had probably cause to believe that the baggies contained contraband. The defendants dress in a nightgown does not contribute to probable cause. The state will have the contraband admitted into evidence under the plain view doctrine exception to the Fourth Amendment. The defense may attempt to argue that evidence of the baggies should be suppressed because: (1) Officer Nelson had no legitimate reason to be in the backyard and (2) that the defendant had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the backyard to her house because it had a brick fence. Both will fail. Officer Nelsons job is to keep the public peace and respond to disturbances, such as screaming. As to the privacy argument, Officer Nelson was able to look over the fence without standing on his toes. Unless Officer Nelson is very tall, the prosecution will successfully argue that there was no reasonable exception of privacy in a fence that anyone can see over. Persons generally have no expectation of privacy in things held out to the public. That the baggies were near the patio entrance is irrelevant. If the baggies were inside the patio Officer Nelson may have needed a search warrant to search for them, but they were outside in the backyard. Regarding the marijuana cigarettes, the prosecution will similarly successfully argue that the marijuana is admissible under the plain view doctrine. The police were legitimately viewing the marijuana in the street. They fell out of the defendants purse after the snatcher dropped it, and they were in plain view. The police did not have to open the purse and go through the contents to find them. The officers will testify that their training told them that they had probable cause to believe that they were marijuana cigarettes, probably primarily based on how they were rolled and their smell. If it turns out that the cigarettes contain marijuana, the judge will likely rule them admissible under the plain view doctrine. The defense doesnt have any real defense. A very weak defense would be that the street was not a public street but an alley used for garbage trucks. This will not succeed, and the marijuana will be found admissible. Under the open field doctrine, areas outside the curtilage are subject to police entry and search. The curtilage is defined as the dwelling, outbuildings connected to the dwelling, and the land immediately surrounding the dwelling. Areas outside the curtilage are unprotected by the Fourth Amendment because these areas are considered to be held out to the public. Persons have no expectation of privacy in areas outside the curtilage. The baggies were found on a table a few yards away from the house’s patio in the backyard. The entire backyard is included in the curtilage because it is connected to the house and is surrounded by a brick fence. Under normal circumstances, the patio would be a protected area under the Fourth Amendment not able to be searched without a warrant. But as the police were already in the back yard responding to the fight, there is no Fourth Amendment violation. 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RATEOFDECOMPOSITIONOFHYDROGENPEROXIDE Lab Report

RATEOFDECOMPOSITIONOFHYDROGENPEROXIDE - Lab Report Example Therefore, hydrogen peroxide appears to exhibit a metastable characteristic in solution or its pure state (Egan and Nills, 2005). Oxygen evolution is rapid at room temperature and in concentrated solutions the released heat may increase the temperature so that an explosion occurs. On heating, hydrogen peroxide decomposes and it may be explosive. The stability of hydrogen peroxide at room temperature is attributed to the fact that the first step in its thermolysis involves the splitting of the molecule into hydroxide radicals whose formation demands much heat. Catalysts such as silver, gold, platinum, manganese dioxide act as heterogeneous catalysts whereas ions such as I-, IO-, OH-,Fe3+ or copper act as homogenous catalysts. Catalysis of hydrogen peroxide decomposition by iron ions is an important in redox catalysis. The steps in the process as demonstrated by Evgenil, Oleg and Gerts (2005), gives data on the mechanisms of redox catalysis. This decomposition is also important in processes in living organisms. The decomposition may be represented as below; 25 mL of the ten†volume hydrogen peroxide was dilute to about 200 ml with distilled water. A Dewar flask was rinsed with distilled water and then with a few mL of the dilute H2O2 solution. Hydrogen peroxide solution was added into the Dewar flask, and the solution temperature noted at a constant value. 10 ml of Fe3+(a) catalyst solution was added into the beaker while stirring gently. A stop watch was used to keep track of time. Thirty seconds after the addition of the catalyst, 10 mL aliquot of the reaction solution was pipetted and transferred into an Erlenmeyer flask containing 18 mL of 2 M H2SO4. The acid provides an acid medium for the titration and also quenches the decomposition reaction. 10 mL samples were draw from the reaction mixture at 5 min intervals and titrated with potassium permanganate. The titration reaction follows the

Different Kinds of Scientific Fraud Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Different Kinds of Scientific Fraud - Assignment Example One of the serious cases of scientific fraud involves carrying out a research process that does not conform to the expected rigour. For example, if a scientist adopts a quantitative paradigm, he or she faces the compulsion of formulating both a null and alternative hypotheses. The data collected in such a research should help the researcher test the two hypotheses and adopt one of them depending on the statistical correlation identified. However, many researchers adopting the quantitative approach claim to have indulged in a rigorous data collection, analysis and hypothesis testing while in a real sense, they have not. Some of them face the temptation of manipulating data to soot the hypothesis that they think is right. The use of unreliable statistical tools also compromises the quality of data analysis.Scientific fraud may involve the production of a scientific paper aimed at presenting the different steps adopted in the research process. In a real sense, a scientific paper is a th eoretical reconstruction of all the activities undertaken by the researcher. However, many researchers only report aspects of their research that proved successful. They prefer to omit cases of failed experiments because of poor design, erroneous data analysis. This is the reason why many of the research papers published seem to insinuate that the researcher had a carefully arranged proposal and outline and that implementation of the research paradigm adopted was of a very high standard.